The effect of extraction methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activities in Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh extracts / Efecto de los métodos de extracción sobre los fenoles totales y las actividades antioxidantes de los extractos de Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh

Background: The edible green algae Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), also known as "sea grape", is an excellent source of phenolic compounds known for their activity to reduce free radicals. Objectives: The research aims to evaluate the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of C. racemosa (70% ethanol extracts) obtained from different extraction methods, such as maceration, Soxhlet, and ultrasound. Methods: Total phenolics of the extracts were determined by the colorimetry method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total phenol content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Results: the ethanol extract of C. racemosa obtained from the ultrasonic methods had the highest phenolic content (39.38 mg GAE/g) compared to other extraction methods (Soxhlet was 36.88 mg GAE/g and maceration was 22.05 mg GAE/g). The IC50 value against DPPH of the C. racemosa ethanol extracts using ultrasonic, Soxhlet, and maceration was 352.95, 365.73, and 375.84 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: the variation of the extraction methods affected the total phenolics content of C. racemosa ethanol extracts and their antioxidant activity. We reported here the potential of C. racemosa extracts as an antioxidant raw material from marine plants for medicinal, nutraceutical, cosmetics, and food products; however, more research is needed.

Antecedentes: El alga verde comestible Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), también conocida como "uva de mar", es una excelente fuente de compuestos fenólicos conocidos por su actividad para reducir los radicales libres. Objetivos: La investigación pretende evaluar el contenido fenólico total y la actividad antioxidante de C. racemosa (extractos de etanol al 70%) obtenidos a partir de diferentes métodos de extracción, como maceración, Soxhlet y ultrasonido. Métodos: Los fenoles totales de los extractos se determinaron por el método colorimétrico utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteu. El contenido total de fenoles se expresó como mg de ácido gálico equivalente (GAE) por g de extracto. Para evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los extractos se utilizó el radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH). Resultados: el extracto etanólico de C. racemosa obtenido por ultrasonido presentó el mayor contenido fenólico (39,38 mg GAE/g) en comparación con otros métodos de extracción (Soxhlet fue de 36,88 mg GAE/g y maceración fue de 22,05 mg GAE/g). El valor IC50 frente a DPPH de los extractos etanólicos de C. racemosa mediante ultrasonido, Soxhlet y maceración fue de 352,95, 365,73 y 375,84 µg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la variación de los métodos de extracción afectó al contenido total de fenoles de los extractos etanólicos de C. racemosa y a su actividad antioxidante. Aquí reportamos el potencial de los extractos de C. racemosa como materia prima antioxidante a partir de plantas marinas para productos medicinales, nutracéuticos, cosméticos y alimenticios; sin embargo, se necesita más investigación.

Phenol compound content and antibacterial activity of gaharu leaf extract products (Aquilaria malaccensis)

Gaharu leaf extract produces yield extraction, phenol compound, and antibacterial activity in diverse quantities. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of the extraction method and type of solvent on the extractability of the polyphenol component and the antibacterial activity of gaharu leaves. Extraction was done through maceration and Soxhlet methods by using solvents of hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extraction result showed that the highest yield value of 18.4% was found on the treatment of a combination of ethanol solvent and Soxhlet method. The total content of phenol and tannin of gaharu leaf extract was in the range of 11.2 to 18.62mg. mL-1 and 12.82 to 13.41%, respectively. Antibacterial activity of gaharu leaf extract on the Gram-positive test of Staphylococcus aureus was higher than that of the Gram-negative test of Escherichia coli having a value of zone of inhibition in the range of 5.33 to 6.33 mm and 4.00 to 5.00 mm, respectively.

Obtención de un colorante a partir de corteza de maracuyá con el uso de técnicas convencionales de extracción / Obtaining a dye from passion fruit cortex with the use of conventional extraction techniques

RESUMEN El maracuyá es un fruto tropical que se cultiva primordialmente para la obtención de pulpa, siendo la corteza su principal subproducto que carece, en la actualidad, de interés industrial; sin embargo, con el fin de diversificar los derivados provenientes de la producción de maracuyá, se ha demostrado que la corteza contiene carotenoides, dentro de los que se destaca el β-caroteno y la luteína, que podrían ser utilizados en alimentos, debido a su poder antioxidante e, incluso, como colorante natural alternativo. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un extracto rico en carotenoides a partir de su corteza; para ello, se evaluó la extracción con etanol, mediante tres técnicas: inmersión, baño termostático y soxhlet. El mayor rendimiento, se obtuvo con el método soxhlet; para esta técnica, se estudió el efecto de la concentración de etanol (entre 80% y 90% v/v), la proporción solvente-materia prima (con relaciones entre 40:1 y 50:1) y el tiempo (definido entre 90 y 150 minutos). Los resultados, se analizaron mediante modelo de superficie de respuesta, obteniendo el mayor rendimiento con etanol al 90%, utilizando 50mL/g corteza y 150 minutos de operación. A estas condiciones, el rendimiento de extracción fue de 2208,53µg β-caroteno/100g muestra. Por último, se determinó la diferencia de color entre el extracto óptimo y una solución de tartrazina, evidenciando una diferencia de color de 3,07 unidades cieLAB, lo cual, muestra que el producto de lixiviación de la corteza de maracuyá tiene potencial para su uso como aditivo alimentario, reemplazando colorantes sintéticos, como la tartrazina.

ABSTRACT Passion fruit is a tropical fruit that is usually cultivated to obtain pulp, being the cortex its main not exploited by-product, because of the actual absence of industrial interest. However, with the aim of diversifying the derivates from the production of passion fruit products, it has been demonstrated that the cortex contains carotenoids, such as β-carotene and lutein; which could be used in food due to its antioxidant capacity, or even like a food colorant. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain a carotenoid-rich extract from its cortex; for this, three techniques of extraction with ethanol were evaluated, by immersion, thermostatic bath and Soxhlet. Being the last technique that one with which the best yield was obtained. With the highest yield technique, the following factors were evaluated: ethanol concentration on 80% and 90% v/v, solvent-raw material ratio on 40:1 and 50:1 and time on 90 and 150min. The best yield was obtaining to 90% ethanol, 50mL solvent/g raw material and 150min, for an extraction yield of 2208.53µg β-caroten/100 g sample. Finally, the color difference between the optimal extract and a tartrazine solution was determined, evidencing a color difference of 3.07cieLAB units; this shows that the passion fruit leaching product has the potential to be used as a food additive, replacing synthetic dyes such as tartrazine.

Physicochemical and nutritional aspects of babassu coconut almond and oil (Orbignya phalerata Mart. ) / Aspectos fisicoquimicos y nutricionales del almendra y aceite de coco de babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart. )

The potential use of babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) in several activities is large. In view of these facts, this study aimed to determine the physicochemical composition of the babassu almond (OpAM) and evaluate the chemical, physical and physicochemical aspects of babassu coconut oil isolated by different methods of extraction. Babassu nut oil was removed by extraction with a hot solvent (Soxhlet) (OpS), hydraulic pressure (OpHP) and cold extraction (Blight and Dyer) (OpBD). Two artisanal samples from the states of Pará (OpP) and Maranhão (OPM) were also tested. OpAM presented 2% protein, 49.5% fat, 42.4% carbohydrates and water activity of 0.670. No statistical differences were found between the babassu coconut extraction techniques which presents saturated fatty acids as major oil fatty acids, especially lauric (41.6%), myristic (14.6%) and unsaturated oleic (15.7%). No samples tested positive in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test, and they also showed low levels of acidity. Babassu coconut oil showed good oxidative stability with a high induction period. The samples tended to green and yellow colors, and the babassu oil extracted by Soxhlet was less viscous than the others.

El uso potencial de babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.), en varias actividades es amplio. En vista de esto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la composición fisicoquímica de la almendra de babassu (OpAM) y evaluar los aspectos químicos, físicos y físicoquímicos del aceite de coco de babassu aislado mediante diferentes métodos de extracción. El aceite de coco de babasú se aisló mediante extracción con un disolvente caliente (Soxhlet) (OpS), mediante presión hidráulica (OpHP) y utilizando un disolvente frío (Blight and Dyer) (OpBD). También se analizaron dos muestras artesanales de los estados de Pará (OpP) y Maranhão (OPM). OpAM presentó 2% de proteína, 49,5% de grasa, 42,4% de carbohidratos y una actividad de agua de 0,670. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre las técnicas de extracción de babassu de coco que presentan ácidos grasos saturados como los principales ácidos grasos oleosos, especialmente láurico (41,6%), mirístico (14,6%) y oleico insaturado (15,7%). Ninguna muestra resultó positiva en la prueba de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico, y también mostraron niveles bajos de acidez. El aceite de coco Babassu mostró una buena estabilidad oxidativa con un alto período de inducción. Las muestras tendían a los colores verde y amarillo, y el aceite de babassu extraído por Soxhlet era menos viscoso que los otros.

Determination of Minerals, Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoids, Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Sweet Lupinus angustifolius of Palestine

Aims: To establish the most suitable extraction method for sweet lupine seeds and to determine minerals, phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activities. Study Design: Known and standard experimental procedures are employed. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Bethlehem University- Palestine, from January 2019 to March 2019. Methodology: Seeds were ground and extracted by Soxhlet extractor using ethanol with different percentages (50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 95%). Sodium, potassium and ferrous ion content were determined. Resistance to bacteria was performed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while antioxidant activity was determined by FRAP method. Two types of flavonoids were measured: Flavonones and dihydroflavonols via the reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Phenolics were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: 50% ethanol resulted in the highest extract residue (18.6%) while 70% and 60% showed the lowest content (10.0% for both). 80% ethanol extracted sample showed the highest content for sodium (56.51 mg Na/g extract), while 60% and 50% ethanol extracts showed the highest content of potassium (2.25 and 2.33 mg K/g extract, respectively). The maximum concentration of ferrous ion was obtained with 70% ethanol (6.854 mg Fe+2/g extract). 95% ethanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity (20.24 mg FeSO4/g extract). Similar results were obtained for total phenolic content and flavonoids: 24.60 mg gallic acid/g extract for phenolics and 116.02 mg rutin/g extract for flavonoids. Extracts showed no bacterial activity against both types of bacteria used. Conclusion: 95% ethanol extracted samples showed the highest antioxidant activity and the highest flavonoids and phenolic content. Sweet lupine extract did not perform any antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Discoursing on Soxhlet extraction of ginseng using association analysis and scanning electron microscopy / 药物分析学报

Soxhlet extraction is a common method of sample preparation. However, there has been no discussion about the efficiency of Soxhlet extraction from different batches and the factors that cause content fluctuation. In this study, Panax ginseng was selected as a model sample. Soxhlet extraction by means of a water bath, which has always been neglected, was identified as a novel key factor in the poor repeat-ability in different batches of Soxhlet extraction, as it can affect the siphon times and reflux time, which have been positively correlated with the ginsenoside contents. By substituting round bottom flasks in the same column, the relative standard deviation of the most fluctuated compound, ginsenoside Rb1, was decreased from 24.6% to 5.02%. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the breakdown of the surface of the ginseng powder in the Soxhlet extraction led to a better dissolution of ginsenosides, indicating that chloroform may promote the extraction of ginsenosides by disrupting the cell structure. Moreover, 70% methanol was regarded as the better solvent for extracting the ginsenosides. Overall, this work offers a practical and effective protocol for improving the accuracy and repeatability of Soxhlet extraction methodology for ginsenosides and other analytes.

Determination of Dioxin in Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Soxhelt Extraction / 分析化学

Waste printed circuit boards(W-PCBs) were multiple smashed and separated, then passed through a 60-mesh screen, treated with hydrochloric acid (2 mol/L), ultrapure water and dehydrated with acetone successively.The filter residue and filter paper were filled into the extraction pool, or inserted into Soxhlet Extraction tube parceled with new filter paper.After addition of 5 μL of internal standard substance, the filter residue above was respectively extracted by Soxhlet Extraction (SE) method or Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) method, cleaned with multi-layer silica gel column and activated-charcoal column to obtained the dioxins samples.The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS).The effects of SE and ASE method and number of chlorines atoms on recovery of 15 kinds of 13C-2,3,7,8 PCDD/Fs were investigated, and the accuracy and precision of the two extraction methods were compared.The results show that, the recovery of 15 kinds of 13C-2,3,7,8 PCDD/Fs using ASE method is 54.3%-113.0%, and that of SE is 28.3%-77.7%, and the Toxic Equivalent Quangtity (TEQ) in W-PCBs is 0.075 ng/kg (TEQ) and 0.266 ng/kg (TEQ) using ASE and SE method respectively.Under the premise that accuracy and precision meet with the international standard, ASE is simple, rapid, solvent-free and accurate.

Optimization of the Soxhlet Extraction Technology of Atractylodes macrocephala Formula Granules by Or-thogonal Test / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the soxhlet extraction technology of Atractylodis macrocephalae,and to provide evi-dence for research and preparation of its formula granules. METHODS:Using the contents of atractylenolide Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ as index, based on single factor test,the Soxhlet extraction technology of A. macrocephalae formula granules was optimized and verified by L9(34)orthogonal test with extraction time,solid-liquid ratio,extraction times as factors,and then compared with other technolo-gies (normal temperature extraction method,ultrasonic extraction method,reflux extraction method). RESULTS:The optimal ex-traction technology was as follows as 6-fold ethanol,extracting for 3 times,lasting for 8 h. Results of validation test showed that the extraction amounts of atractylenolide were 0.769,0.752,0.781 mg/g (RSD=1.99%,n=3) for 3 times,which were higher than the extraction amounts of other 3 methods(0.683,0.489,0.693 mg/g). CONCLUSIONS:The optimized extraction technolo-gy possesses high extraction rates of atractylenolide Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and can be used for the extraction of internal ether from A. macro-cephalae formula granules.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L. ) seed oil as a naturally rich source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical purposes

Background: Characterization of food lipids has triggered the development of applications for the food and health industries. Thus, the lipid profiles of an increasing number of fruits and their seeds have been characterized and numerous bioactive components have been isolated. The bitter gourd seed oil has aroused great interest because it contains relevant amounts of conjugated fatty acid α-eleostearic acid (C18:3 9c11t13t), a positional and geometric isomer of α-linolenic acid. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the phytochemical composition and quality parameters of the seed oil of bitter gourd grown in Brazil. Methods: Bitter gourd was purchased from CEAGESP (Brazilian company of fresh food storages and warehouses). Seeds were lyophilized, and their oil was extracted using the Soxhlet and Folch extraction methods. The profiles of fatty acids and phytosterols were analyzed by gas chromatography, and the acidity and peroxide values were evaluated by methods of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS). Results: The Soxhlet extraction (40 % w / w ) resulted in a higher yield of bitter gourd seed oil than the Folch extraction (16 % w / w). For both methods, α-eleostearic acid (56 and 58 %) was the major lipid in bitter gourd seed oil, followed by stearic acid (C18:0; 32 and 27 %). The oil displayed high content of phytosterols (886 mg/100 g), mainly ß-sitosterol, and low acidity and peroxide values. Conclusions: Bitter gourd seed oil from Brazil is an oil of good quality and its high contents of α-eleostearic acid and phytosterols with potential health-beneficial properties make it an attractive plant byproduct.

Estudio comparativo de las fracciones lipídicas de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (chontaduro) obtenidas por extracción soxhlet y por extracción con CO2 supercrítico / Estudo comparativo da fração lipídica do Bactris gasipaes Kunth(pupunha) obtida por extração soxhlet e extração com CO2 supercrítico / Comparative study of lipid fractions from Bactris gasipaes Kunth (peach palm) obtained by soxhlet and supercritic CO2 extraction

Se determinó el efecto de dos métodos de extracción sobre el rendimiento y composición de extractos lipídicos de pulpa de chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), cosechados en cuatro localidades del pacífico colombiano. Los métodos de extracción fueron soxhlet con hexano y extracción por fluido supercrítico con CO2 (EFS CO2) a 26,890 MPa y 330 K. Para los cuatro ecotipos estudiados, los resultados muestran un mayor rendimiento de extracción por el método EFS CO2 (4,03-8,28% p/p) en comparación al método soxhlet (1,5-2,73% p/p). La caracterización de los lípidos de los diferentes ecotipos, realizada a través de cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de llama (FID), muestra un alto contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados, similar al aceite de oliva y otras oleaginosas: 36,23-51,89% p/p de ácido oleico, 2,38-8,82% p/p de ácido linoleico, y 0,22-1,58% p/p de ácido linolénico, no presentando diferencias significativas de dichos contenidos para ambos métodos. El contenido de lípidos del fruto de chontaduro, corroboran su potencial como una muy buena fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales.

The efficiency and composition of lipid extracts of peach palm pulp (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), harvested in four different locations in the Colombian Pacific region, were evaluated by two different extraction methods. Soxhlet extraction method with hexane as a solvent, and supercritical fluid CO2 extraction method (SFE CO2) at 26,890 MPa and 330 K were tested. Results showed a higher efficiency for the SFE CO2 method (4.03-8.28% w/w) as compared to the soxhlet method (1.5-2.73% w/w) for four ecotypes or crops. Furthermore, the lipids characterization of the different ecotypes, performed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID), showed a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, olive oil-like, with 36.23-51.89% w/w oleic acid, 2.38-8.82% w/w linoleic acid, and 0.22-1.58% w/w linolenic acid. The lipid content of peach palm fruit corroborate its potential as a very goodsource of essential fatty acids.

Determinou-se o efeito de dois métodos de extração sobre o rendimento e a composição dos lipídios da polpa de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), colhidas em quatro localidades da região do pacífico colombiano. Foram avaliadas as diferenças entre os métodos de extração soxhlet com hexano e extração por fluido supercrítico com CO2 (EFS CO2) a 26,890 MPa e 330 K. Para os quatro ecótipos estudados, os resultados mostram aumento de rendimento de extração pelo método CO2 EFS (4,03-8,28% p/p) em comparação com o método soxhlet (1,5-2,73% p/p). Além disso, a caracterização dos lipídios dos diferentes ecótipos usando cromatografia em fase gasosa com detetor de ionização de chama (FID), mostra um alto conteúdo de ácidos graxos insaturados, similar ao azeite de oliva e outras oleaginosas, com 36,23-51,89% p/p de ácido oléico, 2,38-8,82% p/p de ácido linoléico e 0,22-1,58% p/p de ácido linolênico, não apresentando diferenças significativas de tais conteúdos para ambos métodos. Além disso, o conteúdo dos lipídios da fruta pupunha corroboram o seu potencial como uma boa fonte de ácidos graxos essenciais.

Chemical Analysis of Seed and Oil of Jatropha Curcus L’ A Biofuel Plant Cultivated in Hyderabad Karnataka Region, North Karnataka.

Jatropha curcas L. is a multipurpose shrub with a variety of applications and enormous economic potentials for its seed oil, which can be converted into biodiesel- an alternative to petro-diesel. It aims to overcome energy crisis problem and also to reduce environmental changes. The fact that the oil of J. curcas cannot be used for nutritional purposes without detoxification makes its use as an energy source for fuel production very attractive. Oil content of Jatropha curcus L was subjected to various physicochemical parameters. The chemical parameters include determination of free fatty acids, peroxide value, Iodine value, saponification value, various physiological analysis of Jatropha curcus L plant was also carried out in order to estimate the presence of total content of chlorophyll. By considering all the above parameters the present study reveals that the Jatropha curcus L l plant is good for production of better quality of biodiesel.

Análisis de cocaína en diferentes muestras por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de llama (CG-FID) / Analysis of cocaine in different samples by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) / Análise de cocaína em diferentes amostras por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (GC-FID)

En este estudio se realizó la validación de los métodos establecidos por la UNODC para la cuantificación y extracción de benzometilecgonina (cocaína) presente en las hojas de Erythhroxylum coca, en té de coca y en clorhidrato de cocaína. El primer método de extracción, recomendado por la UNODC, es una extracción solido-líquido (ESL), sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos indican que esta no es lo suficientemente eficiente para lograr una señal de analito distinguible de la relación señal a ruido (S/N) para las muestras de hojas de Erythhroxylum coca y té de coca. El segundo método propuesto es la extracción soxhlet, los resultados indican que esta resulta más eficiente para aislar y cuantificar el analito de interés por cromatografía de gases acoplada a un detector de ionización por llama (CG-FID). Después de someter las muestras al proceso de extracción soxhlet y cuantificación por CG-FID se encontró que la hoja de té posee 7,66×10² mg de cocaína/kg de muestra, las hojas de coca 17,15 mg de cocaína/kg de muestra y el clorhidrato de cocaína 7,15×10(5) mg de cocaína/kg de muestra. El método de análisis escogido se caracteriza por arrojar bajos límites de detección (0,169 mg/L) y por poseer parámetros estadísticos y cromatográficos ideales.

In this study validate the methods established by the UNODC for quantification and extraction benzometilecgonina (cocaine) in the leaves of Erythhroxylum coca, coca tea and cocaine hydrochloride. The first extraction method recommended by the UNODC is a solid-liquid extraction (ESL), however, the results indicate that this is not efficient enough to achieve analyte signal distinguishable from the signal to noise ratio (S/N) for samples Erythhroxylum coca leaves and coca tea. The second proposed method is soxhlet extraction, the results indicate that this is more efficient to isolate and quantify the analyte of interest by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). After submitting the samples to the soxhlet extraction process and quantification by GC-FID it found that tea leaf has 7.66×10² mg of cocaine/kg sample, coca leaves 17.15 mg of cocaine/kg sample and cocaine hydrochloride concentration corresponded to 7.15×10(5) mg of cocaine/kg sample. The chosen analysis method is characterized by low detection limits shed (1.69 mg/L) and possessing ideal chromatographic and statistical parameters.

Neste estudo validaram-se os métodos estabelecidos pelo UNODC para a quantificação e extração de benzometilecgonina (cocaína) nas folhas de Erythhroxylum coca; em chá de coca e cloridrato de cocaína. O primeiro método de extração recomendado por UNODC é uma extração sólido-líquido (ESL), no entanto, os resultados indicam que esta não é suficientemente eficaz para atingir um sinal de analito distinguível da relação sinal-ruído (S/N) para amostras de folhas Erythhroxylum coca e chá de coca. O segundo método proposto é uma extração soxhlet, os resultados indicam que este é mais eficiente para isolar e quantificar o analito de interesse por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um detector de ionização de chama (GC-FID). Depois de enviar as amostras para o processo de extração soxhlet e quantificação por GC-FID descobriu-se que as folhas de chá têm 7,66×10² mg de cocaína/kg de amostra, as folhas de coca 17,15 mg de cocaína/kg de amostra e o cloridrato de cocaína 7,15×10(5) mg de cocaína/kg de amostra. O método de análise escolhido é caracterizado por ter baixos limites de detecção (1,69 mg/L) e possuir parâmetros estatísticos e cromatográficos ideais.

Frankincense derived heavy terpene cocktail boosting breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) death in vitro

Objective: To investigate the anti-cancer effect of frankincense derived heavy oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction method on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), and to study its chemical profile using gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Methods: Hexane was used to extract heavy oil from frankincense resin. Chemical profiling of heavy oil was done using Perkin Elmer Clarus GC system with mass spectrometer. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different dilutions (1:1. 000, 1:1. 500, 1:1. 750, 1:2. 000, 1:2. 250, 1:2. 500, 1:2. 750, 1:3. 000, 1:3. 250) of heavy oil for 24 h. The cells were observed by using light microscopy. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Results: Gas chromatography mass spectrometry chemical profiling of frankincense derived heavy oil revealed the presence of terpenes such as α-pinene (61.56%), α-amyrin (20.6%), β-amyrin (8.1%), β-phellandrene (1.47%) and camphene (1.04%). Heavy terpene cocktail induced significant MDA-MB-231 cell death at each concentration tested. Noticeably, very low concentration of Soxhlet derived heavy terpenes elicits considerable cytotoxicity on MDA-MB-231 cells compared to hydro distillated essential oil derived from frankincense resin. Conclusions: Extracting anti-cancer active principle cocktail by simple Soxhlet method is cost effective and less time consuming. Our in vitro anti-cancer data forms the rationale for us to test heavy terpene complex in breast cancer xenograft model in vivo. Furthermore, fractionation and developing frankincense heavy terpene based breast cancer drug is the major goal of our laboratory.

Frankincense derived heavy terpene cocktail boosting breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) deathin vitro

Objective:To investigate the anti-cancer effect of frankincense derived heavy oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction method on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), and to study its chemical profile using gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Methods: Hexane was used to extract heavy oil from frankincense resin. Chemical profiling of heavy oil was done using Perkin Elmer Clarus GC system with mass spectrometer.MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different dilutions (1:1 000, 1:1 500, 1:1 750, 1:2 000, 1:2 250, 1:2 500, 1:2 750, 1:3 000, 1:3 250) of heavy oil for 24 h. The cells were observed by using light microscopy. Cell viability was measured byMTT assay. Results: Gas chromatography mass spectrometry chemical profiling of frankincense derived heavy oil revealed the presence of terpenes such asα-pinene (61.56%),α-amyrin (20.6%),β-amyrin (8.1%),β-phellandrene (1.47%) and camphene (1.04%). Heavy terpene cocktail induced significantMDA-MB-231 cell death at each concentration tested. Noticeably, very low concentration of Soxhlet derived heavy terpenes elicits considerable cytotoxicityon MDA-MB-231cells compared to hydro distillated essential oil derived from frankincense resin. Conclusions: Extracting anti-cancer active principle cocktail by simple Soxhlet method is cost effective and less time consuming. Ourin vitro anti-cancer data forms the rationale for us to test heavy terpene complex in breast cancer xenograft modelin vivo. Furthermore, fractionation and developing frankincense heavy terpene based breast cancer drug is the major goal of our laboratory.

Isolation, fractionation and identification of chemical constituents from the leaves crude extracts of Mentha piperita L grown in Sultanate of Oman

Objective: To analyze and identify the chemical compositions of different organic plants crude extracts of Mentha piperita (M. piperita) grown in Sultanate of Oman by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods: The powder sample was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor. Methanol crude extracts of M. piperita and its derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were prepared.Results:MS showed that majority of these compounds are bioactive.Conclusions:According to the results of the present study, the plant crude extracts could be Qualitative analyses of various organic plant crude extracts of M. piperita by using GC-used as medicine for the treatment of different diseases. The analysis and identification of the chemical compounds in the plant crude extracts by using GC-MS was the first time.

Isolation, fractionation and identification of chemical constituents from the leaves crude extracts of Mentha piperita L grown in Sultanate of Oman

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze and identify the chemical compositions of different organic plants crude extracts of Mentha piperita (M. piperita) grown in Sultanate of Oman by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The powder sample was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor. Methanol crude extracts of M. piperita and its derived fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were prepared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Qualitative analyses of various organic plant crude extracts of M. piperita by using GC-MS showed that majority of these compounds are bioactive.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>According to the results of the present study, the plant crude extracts could be used as medicine for the treatment of different diseases. The analysis and identification of the chemical compounds in the plant crude extracts by using GC-MS was the first time.</p>

Comparison of Methods for Extraction and Determination of Pesticide Residue in Chinese Herbal Medicines / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To compare the effects of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasonic extraction (USE) and soxhlet extraction (SE), by extraction and determination of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines. Methods Pesticide residues of Chinese herbal medicines were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction, ultrasonic extraction and soxhlet extraction, then the extract were cleaned up by sulfonation treatment, alumina neutral-florisil column and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The extract was separated by HP-5 capillary column and detected by electron-capture detector. Results Extraction efficiency of USE was significantly lower than that of ASE and SE, there was no significant difference between ASE and SE. Pairwise comparison of the recoveries of three purification methods showed no significant difference. Conclusion The extraction efficiency of three methods was ASE>SE>USE. The extraction method should be selected according to the requirement.

In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Cassia auriculata Linn.

This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of chloroform extract of Cassia auriculata L. The chloroform extract of C. auriculata were shown to possess an antimicrobial activity against two gram positive and two gram negative human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, viz. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and fungus cultures Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by using disc diffusion method. The extract showed antibacterial activity at all concentrations selected, but only the extract with the concentration of 300μg/ml showed maximum antibacterial activity against all the organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which are comparable with the standard control, amikacin. The anti fungal activity of chloroform extract of C. auriculata revealed significant effect against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with the net inhibition zone of 14 and 14 mm, respectively at 300μg/ml concentration, which is almost comparable with standard control, ketokonazole used as an antifungal agent. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, fats, tannins, gum & mucilage, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, lignin and sterols. It is concluded that the antimicrobial activity showed by the plant was due to the presence of these phytochemicals. Further studies are highly needed for future drug development.

Reporte preliminar del efecto ixodicida de extractos de algunas plantas sobre garrapatas Boophilus microplus / Preliminary report of the ixodicidal effect of some plant extracts on ticks Boophilus microplus

Introducción: la actual preocupación por la resistencia del ganado a los medicamentos antiparasitarios y su residualidad en el ecosistema han llevado a la búsqueda de alternativas de control biológico de garrapatas, dentro de las cuales se encuentra el uso de plantas con efecto bioinsecticida. Objetivo: evaluar in vitro el efecto ixodicida de los extractos etanólicos de las hojas de Ambrosia cumanenses Kunth, Brugmasia arborea (L.) Larget, Bidens pilosa L., Sambucus nigra L. y Nicotiana tabacum L., obtenidos por Soxhlet sobre garrapatas adultas Boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). Métodos: los extractos de las plantas se obtuvieron por el método de extracción en caliente (Soxhlet). Para los ensayos se utilizaron garrapatas adultas, que fueron expuestas a cada uno de los extractos por medio de la prueba de inmersión de adultas. La estimación de la mortalidad se hizo a los 15 min y 24 h posexposición, teniendo en cuenta como mínimo efectivo 60 % de mortalidad. Inicialmente se usó el extracto puro y si presentaba eficacia se procedía a realizar diluciones hasta encontrar la concentración mínima eficaz. Resultados: el extracto de Nicotiana tabacum resultó ser un ixodicida eficiente hasta la dilución 2,5:10, con una mortalidad de 85 % en ambas mediciones; Ambrosia cumanenses mostró eficacia hasta la dilución 6,25:10 a las 24 h con una mortalidad de 80 %; Brugmasia arborea fue eficaz hasta la dilución 5,0:10 con 60 y 70 %, respectivamente, en cada medición; Bidens pilosa y Sambucus nigra no evidenciaron efecto ixodicida eficiente en este estudio. Conclusiones: el extracto de Nicotiana tabacum demostró ser el ixodicida más eficiente, inclusive a diluciones muy altas, como la de 2,5:10.

Introduction: the current concern over the resistance of cattle to antiparasitic drugs and over their residues in the ecosystem have led to the search of tick biological control alternatives in which the use of plants with bioinsecticidal effects are included. Objective: to evaluate in vitro the acaricidal effect of ethanolic extracts of leaves from Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth, Brugmasia arborea (L.) Larget, Bidens pilosa L., Sambucus nigra L. and Nicotiana tabacum L., obtained through soxhlet, on adult ticks Boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). Methods: plant extracts were obtained by means of the hot extraction method (Soxhlet). Adult ticks were used for testing, which were exposed to each of the extracts in the adult immersion test. Mortality rate was estimated at 15 min and 24 h post-exposure, taking 60 % mortality as the minimum effective rate. At first, the pure extract was used; then if effective, it proceeded to make dilutions until the minimal effective concentration was found. Results: the Nicotiana tabacum extract proved to be an efficient acaricide up to a 2,5:10 dilution, with a 85 % mortality rate in both measurements; Ambrosia cumanensis showed efficacy up to 6,25:10 dilution at 24 h with a 80 % mortality rate; Brugmasia arborea was effective up to 5,0:10 dilution, with 60 and 70 % mortality rates respectively in each measurement; Bidens pilosa and Sambucus nigra did not show efficient acaricidal effect in this study. Conclusions: the Nicotiana tabacum extract proved to be the most efficient acaricide even at very high dilutions such as 2.5:10.

In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Cassia auriculata Linn.

This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of chloroform extract of Cassia auriculata L. The chloroform extract of C. auriculata were shown to possess an antimicrobial activity against two gram positive and two gram negative human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, viz. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and fungus cultures Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by using disc diffusion method. The extract showed antibacterial activity at all concentrations selected, but only the extract with the concentration of 300μg/ml showed maximum antibacterial activity against all the organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which are comparable with the standard control, amikacin. The anti fungal activity of chloroform extract of C. auriculata revealed significant effect against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with the net inhibition zone of 14 and 14 mm, respectively at 300μg/ml concentration, which is almost comparable with standard control, ketokonazole used as an antifungal agent. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, fats, tannins, gum & mucilage, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, lignin and sterols. It is concluded that the antimicrobial activity showed by the plant was due to the presence of these phytochemicals. Further studies are highly needed for future drug development.